Several water defluoridation techniques are currently known. The most relevant ones are listed below:
- Ion Exchange Systems
- Precipitation of iron
- Activated alumina
- Slum sludge
- Reverse osmosis
- Electrocoagulation
Many of these methods can not be used on a large scale due to several unfavorable factors, such as the high costs of investment and subsequent operation and maintenance, as well as toxic byproducts generation (pollution) and the use of energy that is not always available. Complexity of the treatment also requires unattainable skills in countries with low social and economic development.